托福閱讀答題技巧～細節題‧Part 1 - 英檢

很多同學常問助教，托福閱讀的細節題究竟有沒有技巧可用？
相信這個問題也是大多數考生的問題。

托福閱讀的題型中，相信細節題讓大多數考生感到困擾，因為細節題的出題型式較不像
其它題型，大多只能看文找答案，較難歸納出解題技巧來應用。

為了幫在水深火熱的考生，盡早脫離托福考試，助教看遍所有托福題目，
針對細節題目，歸納出一套解題的邏輯，在此分享給大家，希望對你們有幫助哦：）
由於歸納類型較多，故會分篇來介紹各種細節題型：）
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1.細節題
因為題目問的是段落中的一個細節，所以同學要學會如何快速找到那個細節，
因為是細節，所以還是會有技巧無法幫忙找到答案的時候，需要整段去尋找，但這是少數。
題目通常會以這樣的形式問你
According to paragraph 1，which of the following is true about Cartoon Lion?
題目也就是問一個細節 (which, what)? 也叫factual question (問一個事實)。
既然是問細節了，就沒有限定一定要看哪一句，搜索範圍可能擴及整段。
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優先從題目的定位字＜通常是以一個細節的字眼如上面的(Cartoon lion)＞回原文定位。
有時候題目會沒有定位字而造成無法定位的情形，只能一個個核對答案的正確性。建議先
快速掃過整段內容，這樣會很快刪掉原文沒提到的答案。正確答案還是優先從段首段尾的
大主旨句和段落中關鍵字後面的小主旨句來找答案，考G (General idea主旨句)的機率大
於S (Specific details細節)。
找答案順序為：
1. 看定位句。
2. 看上一句。
3. 看下一句。
4. 上下句都沒有答案，繼續擴大範圍用關鍵字幫忙找答案。最壞的情形：整段爬爬走。

何謂定位字呢？
通常是一個很S的字，題目如果問你人名，數字，時間，物名，地名專有名詞或技術名詞，
優先回原文定位這些細節的字。如在一篇描述工業革命的文章裡，題目問關於火車哪一個
答案描述是對的。或是在一篇描述動植物如何在沙漠中求生的文章中，問鴕鳥是如何避暑
以上火車跟鴕鳥，就是要回原文定位的訊號字。

有時候，文章裡的定位字可能會被換成近義字，
譬如：原文記載technological inadequacies，但是題目卻問technological problems。
或不同詞性的衍生字出現在題目中如原文說 ground underfoot，但題目卻問ground that
we walk on。因此同學要小心定位及正解的改寫(paraphrase)
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反之，如果題目裡沒有任何細節的字，而是與文章主題相關的字眼，那就無法定位，
必須回段落優先用關鍵字回原文找答案，當然，少數情況下，段落細節也可能正確答案。

何謂關鍵字呢？
1. 所有表結果(G)的字都是關鍵字，後面會有重點(考點)!
　 I.e. Thus, Therefore, Hence, The Result, Answer, Response, Consequently,
However**, Because, Since, But*** (很長考)。

2. 如果是讓步句，要看的是連接的另外一句。
While/whereas/Contrary to, When/Once/If, Although/Even though/Even If/Though
…etc.
Although帶領的句子是讓步句，會有重點的是連接的另外一句。
E.g., although I am good looking, no one goes on a date with me.

所以，快速理解文章內容，段落中除了首尾句外，看關鍵字看前後訊息可以省略掉次要細
節，加快閱讀時間。記住，文章段落的考點是轉折>因果>比較級>方向。

有時題目會提供線索幫助你加速定位：

1.題目問負面訊息如 problem，uncertainty，disadvantage，doubt，你就回原文段落
找類似的負面字。
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2.反之問正面字眼如contribute，help，benefit時，就回原文找相近的正面字。

3.根據題目給的字，順著字的方向向後或向前找。

4.題目問比較差異，優先回原文定位比較級或最高級。

5.還有一種找作者真正想說的話(主旨G)的方法，尤其是出現在描述學者(scholar)對研
究實驗過程的文章中。要關注的是實驗/理論的結果：
動詞V: Find, show, prove, observe, unearth, unravel, reveal, present, assert,
believe, think, suggest, explain.
名詞N: rationale, fundamental reason, philosophy, belief, conviction,
contention, grounds, opinion, logical basis, theory.
結論是，通常如果有實驗或理論的發展，答案優先找實驗理論的結果，不要看中間過程

6.特殊細節題：需要推論題技巧負負得正推出答案。例如原文說人生哲學就是努力才會
成功。題目問你關於人生哲學哪一個選項是對的，答案選：不努力就不成功。一樣的意
思只是答案是加兩個負號將原文同意改寫。

7.下列情況如有出現在答案選項中，優先不選跳過：
(A)該選項的訊息原段落中沒有提及或是有可以用常識推出不合理，不邏輯，太膚淺的答
案不用看原文直接刪去。
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(B)定位回原文該句相關訊息並無任何比較級、最高級、絕對極端詞彙和加重語氣的危險
副詞導致答案選項偏離原文，優先不要選。

關於上述第二點各種會出現在TPO的危險詞彙，未來會在介紹主旨多選題時提供完整清單

而接下來的例題示範中，黃色反底的選項皆符合以上所述的錯誤訊息。

題目示範：黃色反底是錯誤資訊、文章裡如藍色反底是關鍵字、綠色反底是定位字

A.簡單細節題，定位後的那一句就會有答案：

Instances in which many species become extinct within a geologically short
intermission of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such episode
at the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). There was
another, even more immense, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period
(around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attracted much less
attention than other mass extinctions because mostly uncommon species
perished at that time.

This paragraph supports which of the following statements about mass
extinctions?
--
(A) They occur over a period of 70 million years. 原文是around 70 million years
ago
(B) They took place during the Cretaceous period. 原文是end
(C) They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.
(D) They occur every 250 million years. 原文是around 250 million years ago

解析：題目問說第一段支持了哪一句話，那當然是支持段首的G。
(C)的選項就是mass extinction的釋義的同意改寫。

It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic
life of the cities was focused on their temples, but it now seems probable
that the cities had mundane rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived
administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was crucial, as so many
raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the adornment of the temples, logs
for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly refined
system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of
writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a sign being used
to express a whole word.

According to this paragraph, which of the following led to the appearance of
writing?
--
(A) An increasingly sophisticated administrative system
(B) Cooperation between secular and religious leaders 原文沒提到有宗教領袖
(C) The large quantity of trade, particularly imports 原文沒說到進口
(D) A rapidly expanding and shifting population 原文無此說

解析：細節題，用題目最S的字appearance writing回原文定位到那句，即得到答案，
注意選項答案有換字和led的方向提醒。

Another critical push was the emergence of the Little Ice Age, a climatic
phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere.
Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some
evidence suggests that temperatures were descending during the thirteenth
century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not
fully comprehended, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains to
the northeast of Mesa Verde, were influenced first. Growing food at these
elevations is always arduous because of the short growing season. As the
Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower
elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people
together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a
corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa
Verde and away from higher elevations.
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According to this paragraph, what did farmers do in response to falling
temperatures during the Little Ice Age?

(A) Moved to areas away from Mesa Verde
與原文相反，原文是towards Mesa Verde，並沒有離開

(B) Moved closer to the northeastern part of Mesa Verde
與原文相反，原文是 toward the south and west

(C) Began to cultivate crops adapted to a short growing season 原文無此訊息

(D) Gave up the cultivation of the highest-lying lands

解析：先看清楚題目內容，題目問說在小冰河期來時氣溫驟降農夫採取了甚麼應變措施?
小冰河期出現三次不是好定位字，要用farmers坐定位字。文章中第一次提到little
ice age在段首主旨句，說明另外一個造成當時人們遷徙的因素是小冰河期的來臨導
致氣溫降低，但並沒有提到農夫。第二次提到little ice age說 its height was
still around the corner，表示小冰河期最冷的時期即將來臨，但還是沒提到農夫
直到第三次才說明當小冰河期越趨強大時農民們可能會將他們的耕地遷到更低的海
拔地區去，換言之，也就是放棄了他們在高海拔的土地耕種。答案選D。

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