戴爾美語練功坊 托福閱讀解題技巧(01/20) - 英檢

戴爾美語練功坊 托福閱讀解題技巧(01/20)

剖析閱讀能力提升與解題技巧策略


英文文章乃為其詞彙、片語、文法組織結構所組合而成。閱讀是利用
語言知識(language knowledge) 與背景知識(background knowledge)
進行篇章的分析，推論，歸納與邏輯判斷之過程。然而，根據閱讀
目的之不同，運用之閱讀方法亦有所差異。概言之，閱讀方法可分
為精讀(careful reading) ，略讀(skimming)與尋讀(scanning)等。

閱讀理解的過程中因讀者之語言知識，閱讀速度與思維模式進而影響
對於文章之領悟。 精讀(careful reading)之目的在於達到較精緻準確
深入的理解，通常讀者採用逐字逐句(literally)之閱讀模式，且又利用
重讀以求深化瞭解。而略讀(skimming)則是在迅速掌握文章內容主旨
(main idea)與大意(gist)。閱讀時僅就其篇章的標題(title)、副標題
(subtitle)、首段、尾段、各段之主題句(topic sentence)及其對應之關鍵
字詞(key words)進行判讀。再者，必須適當審視其各句子亦或段落
之間的轉承語(transition words)，諸如however、while、by contrast、
on the contrary、likewise、equally important、in fact、 in particular、
even though、besides、in addition、moreover、hence、therefore、
consequently、accordingly 、as a result等， 藉此為文章脈絡之重要
線索，因而迅速掌握文章所論述之主旨。至於尋讀(scanning)則旨在
快速地從篇章中尋覓某一特定事實或訊息。故而，讀者於閱讀時須
運用策略技巧選擇性進行訊息定位(positioning)，例如題目提問
What is the problem with the description of the phenomenon?當然，主要
乃針對關鍵字(key word)為" problem"， 文章段落中則必有如doubt、
controversy、irony、opposition、或disadvantage等負面意義字詞，讀者
可利用相關字詞來按"字"索驥，以便尋思答案。

此外，英文閱讀文章所涵蓋的範疇相當廣泛，包含人文社會科學，
自然科學，生物科學等領域。基本上，閱讀測驗中之題型概略可
分為以下類別:

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations
for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in
color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also
depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body
temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep
inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be
fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been
measured in Grant's gazelles. The over-heated body then cools down
during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually
low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an
advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in
warming up the body, and an excessive buildup heat does not begin until
well into the day.

Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water
to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals. The camel can lose
up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas
human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight.
An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss
at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time,
and camels have been known to imbibe over 100 liters in a few minutes.
A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to
rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big
and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water
intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the
desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain
food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals
have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated; it is
a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions
of moderate thirst.




1. Main Idea (主旨題)
主要詢問文章之主旨大意，透過首段之主題句(topic sentence)瞭解其
貫穿全文中心思想並比對所含之信息相類似之選項，一般而言，正確
之選項往往涵蓋較廣泛與完整之訊息。

Ex. What is the main idea / topic the passage?
A. Weather variations in the desert
B .Adaptations of desert animals
C. Diseases of desert animals
D. Human use of desert animals

首段主題句( topic sentence)中提及居住在沙漠中之大型動物已發展出
對於極端高溫的環境之適應性。後續又指出另一適應性，第二段再
提出另一個適應性 (adaptation)，故而可判斷答案為(B)。

2. Vocabulary (字彙題)
閱讀中常出現之字彙會以不同字詞性在文章中出現; 此外，有時該
詞彙在文中之解釋為較偏狹之意義。因此判讀時則須以適切之意義
進行解讀。僅管如此，於回答該詞彙題型時須透過上下文(context)並
藉由其餘的選項逐一與篇章內容配對來篩選，以便來推斷或猜測之
同義字(synonym)或反義字(antonym)等意義。例如可運用平時所累積
的字彙中之字根(Root)、字首(Prefix)、字尾(Suffix)或複合字進行拆解
並且輔以語言情境的掌握, 俾以精準理解其該詞彙於篇章之含義。

Ex. The word " prodigious " in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) huge (B) rapid (C) fatal (D) isolated

從文中定位 prodigious所出現之位置，其後接有volume數量，再提到
駱駝可以攝取over 100 liters of water ，因此斷定答案(A) huge 巨大的。

3. pronoun (指代關係題)
主要用以說明該字在段落中出現的位置，並針對該字與前後詞彙之
邏輯關係。
(1)若主句指代的人事物一般會在原主句中出現; 然而，若該句無指示
代詞出現，則需要在上一句中找尋。
(2)此外，亦可從選項排除其指示詞或代名詞之單複數及性別人物。

Ex. The word " this " in the passage refers to
A. reflection and absorption of sunlight of desert animals
B. variation of body temperature of desert animals
C. expenditure of water and energy of desert animals
D. ability to replenish water of desert animals

首先定位"this"所出現之句子。 既是"代名詞" ，即是用以替代
前一句所敘述之內容，故可清楚判斷前面句中在描述沙漠動物的體溫
在白晝與夜晚之變異，因此選擇為 (B) 。

4. Inference / Implication (推論暗示題)
此類型題於文章中無直接或明顯之證據。故而必須參就其文中所提供
之內容撰述，並分析判斷和解讀其正確答案。

Ex. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred
about desert-adapted mammals?
A. They do not need to eat much food.
B. They can eat large quantities quickly.
C. They easily lose their appetites.
D. They can travel long distances looking for food.

文中第二段提出The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in
the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can
obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.適應沙漠環境的
動物可以忍受水之喪失顯然為其優勢。因此該動物無須總是居住在
沙漠水源附近，而可以在牧場稀疏，幅員廣闊的牧草地獲取食物。
根據此些訊息可以推論出(D)適應沙漠動物可以長途跋涉覓食。

5. Statement Details (事實判斷題)
該些題型有些在文中會出現列舉(enumeration)，事實訊息判斷題針對
文中之具體內容或細節來形成正確事實判斷或排除非事實之列舉內容。
應答首先針對該問題之關鍵字詞(key words)並加入出現之段落進行
文章中所列之相對應內容，包含舉例、原因、條件、數據、說明、
成份、及描述等，進行比對篩選。
→ According to the passage, what is True / False …
→ All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT
→ The author is LEAST likely to agree that ….

Ex. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large
desert animals?
A. Variation in body temperatures
B. Eating while dehydrated
C. Drinking water quickly
D. Being active at night

文中指出適應沙漠的動物體溫隨時間而變化; 當缺水時仍可正常飲食;
喝水速度極為迅速。唯一未提 (D) 夜間的活躍性。

Ex. According to the passage, why is light coloring an advantage to large
desert animals?
A. It helps them hide from predators.
B. It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.
C. It helps them see their young at night.
D. It keeps them cool at night.

定位light coloring在篇章之為位置，文中闡釋light in color，
and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays; 為的是反射光線而非
吸收太陽光。因此正確答案為 (B)

6. Rhetoric (修辭題)
修辭目的題乃為推斷出作者之陳述事理背後之動機、目的或原因。
(1)作者舉證之句子、人物、圖像、數字、比較、對照、狀態修飾所
使用之特殊之撰述手法或順序之含義或真正之目的為何。
(2)首先利用問題中所提及之關鍵字詞，或根據問題所告知之段落相關
訊息加以透過文章脈絡進行分析判讀。

Ex. Why does the author mention " human beings " in the passage?
A. To show how they use camels
B. To give instructions about desert survival
C. To contrast them to desert mammals
D. To show how they have adapted to desert life

尋找主要字詞" human beings " 之出現句子，其前有關鍵字
" whereas "(然而)，目的在於說明沙漠動物與人類的水份喪失之
差異; 顯然提到 human beings 與適應沙漠之動物進行對比。答案為(C)。


綜合上述皆為閱讀測驗中經常出現的題型類別，透過巨細靡遺的講解，
深信對於英文閱讀之要領及掌握應有更進一步的認知。英文能力之
提升必須藉由日積月累的培養，且大量與廣泛閱讀以增添其廣度與
深度，輔以技巧與要領，再加上持之以恆之續航力，定能促其英文
閱讀實力得以益臻成長。

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