托福閱讀答題技巧～細節題‧Part 3 - 英檢

大家好，又是我～字神帝國的助教:D
助教又要來分享「細節題‧Part 3」的答題技巧啦！
今天就不多說，直接進入重點囉！


第一篇細節題概述說到，文章段落的考點是轉折>因果>比較級>方向。

當定位到後答案沒有呼之欲出時，同學趕快用關鍵字來輔助定位，找到答案。

這篇先來看關鍵字與比較級和方向相關的題型。

答案裡黃色反底是錯誤資訊、文章裡如藍色反底是關鍵字、綠色反底是定位字

這次會先提供題目先練習，接著才會給出解析～

希望大家可以邊看邊練～那麼下頁就開始練習囉！

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. 細節題定位後找比較級關鍵字來解，如：

<EX1>
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and
lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to
4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist
tropics. Timberline trees are usually evergreens, meaning that these have

some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the
extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however,
where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for
example, may appear at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

The paragraph supports which of the following statements about deciduous
trees?

(A) They cannot live in cold climates.
(B) They do not exist at the upper timberline.
(C) They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline
(D) They do not need as much moisture as evergreens do.

<EX1>答案
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and
lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to
4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist
tropics. Timberline trees are usually evergreens, meaning that these have some
advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme
environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where
broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example,
may appear at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

The paragraph supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
(A) They cannot live in cold climates. 有些可以如Birch
(B) They do not exist at the upper timberline. 有些可以如Birch
(C) They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
(D) They do not need as much moisture as evergreens do. 原文無此比較

解析：先定位，發現定位句說evergreen常青樹比deciduous tress落葉性樹木在高山樹界
線，也就是較高較凍寒的地方有更多優點。也就是說長青樹更容易在寒冷區更容易存活，
以此比較級對應到選項答案C。第二次定位在however之後，說有些如birch白樺樹也是可
以在寒冷地方生存，故刪除選項A和B。


<EX2>
The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge
volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system and extensive impact
cratering. Three very large volcanoes are discovered on the Tharsis bulge, an
enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest
volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some
700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis
bulge are a little smaller-a“mere”18 kilometers high.

Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus Mons

(A) Has more complex geologic features
(B) Shows less impact cratering
(C) Is taller
(D) Was developed at a later time







<EX2>答案
The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge
volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system and extensive impact
cratering. Three very large volcanoes are discovered on the Tharsis bulge, an
enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest
volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some
700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis
bulge are a little smaller-a“mere”18 kilometers high.

Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus Mons

(A) Has more complex geologic features 原文無此訊息
(B) Shows less impact cratering 原文無此訊息
(C) Is taller
(D) Was developed at a later time 原文無此訊息

解析：看到題目問比較差異，原文也回去找比較級。定位兩個專有名詞後，發現Olympus
Mons是最大的Largest, Tharsis bulge 上的火山比較小smaller，因此答案選項對應此比
較級是C。



<方向>相關題型練習

<EX1>
As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to
have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age
indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion
years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the
youngest volcanic areas were acquired in this way.

What have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact
cratering on Mars?

(A) Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.
(B) The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.
(C) Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with
high volcanic activity.
(D) Some areas of the Martian surface seem to be older than they actually are.





<EX1答案
As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to
have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as(方向：→)
an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four
billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years
in the youngest volcanic areas were acquired in this way.

What have scientists been able to determine from(方向：←) studies of large
impact cratering on Mars?

(A) Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.
原文無此比較
(B) The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.
(C) Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high
volcanic activity. 訊息與原文相反
(D) Some areas of the Martian surface seem to be older than they actually are.
原文無此比較

解析：題目問科學家從大型的隕石撞擊坑洞可以決定出來甚麼。回原文定位，發現此坑洞
可以決定火星地表的年齡。後面講說不論是南方高地或年輕火山都可以此方式測量，此意
義對應答案選項B。

<EX2>
The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East emerged at the
southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known
as Sumer appeared in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first
glimpse, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization.
There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was
limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood
of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds
of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of
irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the
water indispensable. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the
rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed
earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge,
probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of
surplus crops.

Which of the following made it possible for an elite to emerge?




(A) New crops were established that were better suited to conditions on the
Mesopotamian plain.

(B) The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable
cropland.

(C) Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to
five times richer than everyone else.

(D) The building of canals to increase agricultural output required
organization.











<EX2答案>
The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East emerged at the
southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known
as Sumer appeared in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first
glimpse, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization.
There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was
limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood
of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds
of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization
of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve
the water indispensable. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the
rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed
earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed(方向：→) an elite
to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the
control of surplus crops.

Which of the following made it possible for(方向：→) an elite to emerge?




(A) New crops were established that were better suited to conditions on the
Mesopotamian plain. 原文無此訊息

(B) The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable
cropland. 小心最高級危險字，原文無此訊息

(C) Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to
five times richer than everyone else. 原文無此比較

(D) The building of canals to increase agricultural output required
organization.

解析：題目問甚麼因素讓這些菁英崛起。這題比較特別，要一直往前追朔。根據原文給的
方向找到的因素是these conditions，明顯是一個以上的情形。再往前找，發現有兩種因
素：this 還有河流沖積砂silt。但是答案選項沒有silt，因此必須找出另外一個this是
甚麼，再看上一句，發現是對於灌溉的管理如建立水道，對應答案選項D。






<EX3>
American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied
extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of
increased extinction have reappeared periodically, approximately every 26
million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction
of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole
series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass
extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that
of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from
their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and
engendering widespread devastation upon impact.

What aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis
supposedly clarify?

(A) Their location
(B) Their frequency
(C) Their duration
(D) Their severity



<EX3答案>
American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied
extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of
increased extinction have reappeared periodically, approximately every 26
million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction
of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole
series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass
extinctions may recur periodically(方向：→) has given rise to such hypotheses
as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies
fromtheir normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and
engendering widespread devastation upon impact.

What aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis
supposedly clarify(方向：→)?

(A) Their location
(B) Their frequency
(C) Their duration
(D) Their severity



解析：先看懂題目在問甚麼。Companion-star這個假說是要闡明關於滅絕事件的哪一觀點?
先定位後讀完定位句，原文說Recur periodically 的訊息產生了companion star的理論。
換言之，後者這個假說就是要解釋前面的一個現象。最接近 recur periodically 週期性
的重複出現的這層意義的就是選項B，滅絕事件的frequency (頻率)。原文companion
star with後面的訊息是為補充companion star，不用看，因此干擾選項A，C，D都刪去。

E.g., the evolving species has given rise(方向：→) to Darwin's theory of
evolution. 物種的進化促成進化論的產生。換言之，進化論就是要解釋說明物種演化的
此一現象。


TOEFL學習團 托福JJ情報資源、問題探討、考試情報交流
http://ppt.cc/MqsR

GMAT學習團 每月GMAT數學、閱讀、邏輯機經整理、問題探討、考試情報交流
http://ppt.cc/_p5h

GRE學習團 GRE機經整理、情報資源、問題探討、考試情報交流
http://ppt.cc/Oyof


--