戴爾美語練功坊 托福閱讀實力測驗題 8/13 - 英檢
By Bethany
at 2013-08-13T20:13
at 2013-08-13T20:13
Table of Contents
戴爾美語練功坊 托福閱讀實力測驗試題(8/13日)
Causes of Ice Ages
Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5
million years, ice-age conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run
in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
→ Many different factors may contribute to these increases in
glaciations at regular intervals throughout Earth's more geologically
recent history. (A)■ The three most prominent factors probably relate
to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth. This varies over time
for three main reasons. First, the planet wobbles as it spins, due to the
pull of the sun and moon. (B)■ Furthermore, the Earth tilts on its axis
and the degree of tilt changes over time. (C)■Finally, the orbit of the
Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the
ellipse changes over a period of about 100, 000 years. (D)■ A
mathematician named Milutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s
that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by these eccentricities
in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
intense glaciation.
These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in
ice-age research for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that
the match between periods of peak insolation and most intense glaciations
were not exact. For example, a cycle of 400,000 years predicted by
Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor. Also, recent
analysis has shown that the insolation theory predicts peaks of sunlight
at intervals of 95,000 and 125,000 years. Climatological data does not
support this predicted sunlight peaking. Other damaging evidence was
the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation
that was supposed to cause it.
→ These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led
some researchers to seek alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival
of extended ice ages. In the 1990s, it was discovered that the orbital
inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be responsible
for climate changes. If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center
and the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out
of the flat plane by a few degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000
years. Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald, have proposed that it is
this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
of glaciation and warming. They argue that because of the oscillation,
the Earth periodically travels through clouds of debris, in the form of
dust and meteoroids. Such debris could reduce the amount of solar
energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into regular
cold periods.
The advantage of this theory is that it is not confronted with
several of the problems associated with the Milankovitch theory.
In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean
sediments taken from eight locations around the world. This analysis
yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with
a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the
Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial
debris.
However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by
the inclination hypothesis. The main problem is that the amount of dust
that falls to the ground when the Earth travels through space debris is
relatively small --- not enough to produce radical climate changes.
Volcanic eruptions, for example, release much greater amounts of ash
and dust and have relatively little effect on climate. Supporters have
countered that the by-products created by the dust as it vaporizes on
entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the energy levels.
Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince
the skeptics.
? wobble: shake or move from side to side
tilt: to be in a sloping position
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the factors that
contribute to glaciation?
(A) They affect the Earth's spin.
(B) They are geologically recent.
(C) Only three factors relate to levels of sunlight.
(D) Other factors than those relating to the sunlight affect ice
buildup.
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (→)
2. The phrase "these eccentricities" in the passage refers to all the
following EXCEPT
(A) the various movements of the Earth as it spins
(B) the degree of change in the Earth's tilt over time
(C) the pattern of insolation matching the Earth's movement
(D) the changing distance to the sun during the Earth's elliptical orbit
3. Scientists accepted the Milankovitch theory even though
(A) the peaks of sunlight occurred at intervals of 95,000 and 125,000 years.
(B) the peaks of insolation and intense glaciation did not match.
(C) there were climate records of a 400,000-year cycle.
(D) there were microfossil deposits on the sea floor.
4. In paragraph 4, why does the author suggest the image of a flat plane?
(A) To help the reader visualize the positions and movements of the
heavenly bodies
(B) To demonstrate to the reader how the Earth orbits the sun
(C) To support the argument that the orbital inclination increases tilting
(D) To show how Milankovitch theory doesn't explain the cyclical
changes in climate
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (→)
5. What problem in the Milankovitch theory was mentioned as being
explained by the Muller and Macdonald theory?
(A) The climate records obtained by studying microfossil deposits
not matching his predicted cycle
(B) The irregularities of the Earth's movements through orbital
inclinations not following any pattern
(C) The Earth's spin wobbling in relation to the Earth's oscillation inclination
(D) The peak in the ice ages occurring at intervals between 95,000
and 125,000 years instead of 400,000
6. The word "radical "in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) violent
(B) convincing
(C) moderate
(D) transitory
7. Look at the four squares [(A) ■ (B)■ (C)■ (D)■] that indicate where
the following sentence could be added to the passage. Circle the letter
that shows the point where you would insert this sentence.
When the Earth is at its furthest from the sun, less sunlight reaches
the surface.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square (■) to add the sentence to the passage.
Answers:
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the factors that
contribute to glaciation?
題幹提問 --- 導致冰河作用之因素可推論出…
此類型題為推論題 (Inference) --- 利用文中 (1) 轉折語 ; (2) 極致詞;
(3) 強調字等原則進行分析. 原文出現關鍵字---- Many different factors
may contribute to these increases in glaciations at regular intervals
throughout Earth's more geologically recent history. The three most
prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches
the Earth.
三個最顯著的原因, 意味另有其它細微因素造成其冰河作用(glaciation) .
故答案為 (D) .
2. 此題為否定細節訊息題 (Negative Factual Information), 針對其所問及之
"these eccentricities" 導致冰河作用之怪異之現象中何者除外?
針對此種否定訊息細節題型 ----
Except / Not ---- 可利用文中是否出現負向字詞(negative words) 或列舉
(enumeration) 之技巧進行解題.
定位原文--- these eccentricities 往文章前尋覓出三項因素 first ….
(地球轉動受到太陽與月球拉力) ; furthermore …. (地球轉動與地軸 axis
之傾斜角度變化); Finally … (地球繞行太陽公轉之軌道呈現出橢圓形狀) ;
(A) , (B), (D)皆與文意符合; 正確答案為 (C) .
3. Scientists accepted the Milankovitch theory even though ….
即使何因.. 科學家們依舊接受Milankovitch 之理論.
根據題幹- even though (即使) 可清楚得知文中必然出現之轉折負向詞---
These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in
ice-age research for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that
the match between periods of peak insolation and most intense glaciations
were not exact. For example, a cycle of 400,000 years predicted by
Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
從上述敘述得知--- 日照最強週期與最密集冰河作用之發生兩者無法吻合;
因此答案為 (B) the peaks of insolation and intense glaciation did not match.
4. In paragraph 4, why does the author suggest the image of a flat plane?
題中作者為何提出"一個平面之圖像"
此題主要測驗"修辭目的" (Rhetorical Purpose)
原文 --- If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and the
planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat
plane by a few degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
(A) To help the reader visualize the positions and movements of the
heavenly bodies
答案為: A
5. What problem in the Milankovitch theory was mentioned as being
explained by the Muller and Macdonald theory?
由Muller and Macdonald 理論所解釋關於 Milankovitch 所提出冰河
作用理論之問題 ; 原文第五段--- The advantage of this theory is that
it is not confronted with several of the problems associated with the
Milankovitch theory. In particular, the new theory fits well with the
analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several
ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods
when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of
extraterrestrial debris.
透過採集全世界八個地點之海洋沉積物分析證明此理論之根據.
答案為 (A)
6. radical "劇烈的; 猛烈的"
(A) violent 劇烈的/ 猛烈的 (B) convincing 令人信服的
(C) moderate 穩健的; 適度的 (D) transitory 短暫的 . 答案為 (A)
radical = violent = vehement = drastic = rampant = fierce = furious =
turbulent = tempestuous = stormy
7. 此題為插入句型 (Insertion)
(1) succession (承接); (2) transition (轉折); (3) pronoun (代名詞)
When the Earth is at its furthest from the sun, less sunlight reaches
the surface.
此插入句分析出 "當地球距離太陽最遠時, 到達地球之陽光最少. "此主要
描述地球與太陽之相對位置, 因而選擇答案(D)
--
Causes of Ice Ages
Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5
million years, ice-age conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run
in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
→ Many different factors may contribute to these increases in
glaciations at regular intervals throughout Earth's more geologically
recent history. (A)■ The three most prominent factors probably relate
to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth. This varies over time
for three main reasons. First, the planet wobbles as it spins, due to the
pull of the sun and moon. (B)■ Furthermore, the Earth tilts on its axis
and the degree of tilt changes over time. (C)■Finally, the orbit of the
Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the
ellipse changes over a period of about 100, 000 years. (D)■ A
mathematician named Milutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s
that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by these eccentricities
in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
intense glaciation.
These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in
ice-age research for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that
the match between periods of peak insolation and most intense glaciations
were not exact. For example, a cycle of 400,000 years predicted by
Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor. Also, recent
analysis has shown that the insolation theory predicts peaks of sunlight
at intervals of 95,000 and 125,000 years. Climatological data does not
support this predicted sunlight peaking. Other damaging evidence was
the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation
that was supposed to cause it.
→ These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led
some researchers to seek alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival
of extended ice ages. In the 1990s, it was discovered that the orbital
inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be responsible
for climate changes. If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center
and the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out
of the flat plane by a few degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000
years. Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald, have proposed that it is
this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
of glaciation and warming. They argue that because of the oscillation,
the Earth periodically travels through clouds of debris, in the form of
dust and meteoroids. Such debris could reduce the amount of solar
energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into regular
cold periods.
The advantage of this theory is that it is not confronted with
several of the problems associated with the Milankovitch theory.
In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean
sediments taken from eight locations around the world. This analysis
yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with
a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the
Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial
debris.
However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by
the inclination hypothesis. The main problem is that the amount of dust
that falls to the ground when the Earth travels through space debris is
relatively small --- not enough to produce radical climate changes.
Volcanic eruptions, for example, release much greater amounts of ash
and dust and have relatively little effect on climate. Supporters have
countered that the by-products created by the dust as it vaporizes on
entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the energy levels.
Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince
the skeptics.
? wobble: shake or move from side to side
tilt: to be in a sloping position
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the factors that
contribute to glaciation?
(A) They affect the Earth's spin.
(B) They are geologically recent.
(C) Only three factors relate to levels of sunlight.
(D) Other factors than those relating to the sunlight affect ice
buildup.
Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow (→)
2. The phrase "these eccentricities" in the passage refers to all the
following EXCEPT
(A) the various movements of the Earth as it spins
(B) the degree of change in the Earth's tilt over time
(C) the pattern of insolation matching the Earth's movement
(D) the changing distance to the sun during the Earth's elliptical orbit
3. Scientists accepted the Milankovitch theory even though
(A) the peaks of sunlight occurred at intervals of 95,000 and 125,000 years.
(B) the peaks of insolation and intense glaciation did not match.
(C) there were climate records of a 400,000-year cycle.
(D) there were microfossil deposits on the sea floor.
4. In paragraph 4, why does the author suggest the image of a flat plane?
(A) To help the reader visualize the positions and movements of the
heavenly bodies
(B) To demonstrate to the reader how the Earth orbits the sun
(C) To support the argument that the orbital inclination increases tilting
(D) To show how Milankovitch theory doesn't explain the cyclical
changes in climate
Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow (→)
5. What problem in the Milankovitch theory was mentioned as being
explained by the Muller and Macdonald theory?
(A) The climate records obtained by studying microfossil deposits
not matching his predicted cycle
(B) The irregularities of the Earth's movements through orbital
inclinations not following any pattern
(C) The Earth's spin wobbling in relation to the Earth's oscillation inclination
(D) The peak in the ice ages occurring at intervals between 95,000
and 125,000 years instead of 400,000
6. The word "radical "in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) violent
(B) convincing
(C) moderate
(D) transitory
7. Look at the four squares [(A) ■ (B)■ (C)■ (D)■] that indicate where
the following sentence could be added to the passage. Circle the letter
that shows the point where you would insert this sentence.
When the Earth is at its furthest from the sun, less sunlight reaches
the surface.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square (■) to add the sentence to the passage.
Answers:
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the factors that
contribute to glaciation?
題幹提問 --- 導致冰河作用之因素可推論出…
此類型題為推論題 (Inference) --- 利用文中 (1) 轉折語 ; (2) 極致詞;
(3) 強調字等原則進行分析. 原文出現關鍵字---- Many different factors
may contribute to these increases in glaciations at regular intervals
throughout Earth's more geologically recent history. The three most
prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches
the Earth.
三個最顯著的原因, 意味另有其它細微因素造成其冰河作用(glaciation) .
故答案為 (D) .
2. 此題為否定細節訊息題 (Negative Factual Information), 針對其所問及之
"these eccentricities" 導致冰河作用之怪異之現象中何者除外?
針對此種否定訊息細節題型 ----
Except / Not ---- 可利用文中是否出現負向字詞(negative words) 或列舉
(enumeration) 之技巧進行解題.
定位原文--- these eccentricities 往文章前尋覓出三項因素 first ….
(地球轉動受到太陽與月球拉力) ; furthermore …. (地球轉動與地軸 axis
之傾斜角度變化); Finally … (地球繞行太陽公轉之軌道呈現出橢圓形狀) ;
(A) , (B), (D)皆與文意符合; 正確答案為 (C) .
3. Scientists accepted the Milankovitch theory even though ….
即使何因.. 科學家們依舊接受Milankovitch 之理論.
根據題幹- even though (即使) 可清楚得知文中必然出現之轉折負向詞---
These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in
ice-age research for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that
the match between periods of peak insolation and most intense glaciations
were not exact. For example, a cycle of 400,000 years predicted by
Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
從上述敘述得知--- 日照最強週期與最密集冰河作用之發生兩者無法吻合;
因此答案為 (B) the peaks of insolation and intense glaciation did not match.
4. In paragraph 4, why does the author suggest the image of a flat plane?
題中作者為何提出"一個平面之圖像"
此題主要測驗"修辭目的" (Rhetorical Purpose)
原文 --- If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and the
planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat
plane by a few degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
(A) To help the reader visualize the positions and movements of the
heavenly bodies
答案為: A
5. What problem in the Milankovitch theory was mentioned as being
explained by the Muller and Macdonald theory?
由Muller and Macdonald 理論所解釋關於 Milankovitch 所提出冰河
作用理論之問題 ; 原文第五段--- The advantage of this theory is that
it is not confronted with several of the problems associated with the
Milankovitch theory. In particular, the new theory fits well with the
analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several
ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods
when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of
extraterrestrial debris.
透過採集全世界八個地點之海洋沉積物分析證明此理論之根據.
答案為 (A)
6. radical "劇烈的; 猛烈的"
(A) violent 劇烈的/ 猛烈的 (B) convincing 令人信服的
(C) moderate 穩健的; 適度的 (D) transitory 短暫的 . 答案為 (A)
radical = violent = vehement = drastic = rampant = fierce = furious =
turbulent = tempestuous = stormy
7. 此題為插入句型 (Insertion)
(1) succession (承接); (2) transition (轉折); (3) pronoun (代名詞)
When the Earth is at its furthest from the sun, less sunlight reaches
the surface.
此插入句分析出 "當地球距離太陽最遠時, 到達地球之陽光最少. "此主要
描述地球與太陽之相對位置, 因而選擇答案(D)
--
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