一個見證高雄的繁華跟沒落的路人甲 - 高雄
By Franklin
at 2017-10-13T23:25
at 2017-10-13T23:25
Table of Contents
服務業不一定就是低薪,很多人沒有意識到的是,首都台北幾乎根本沒有任何工業的
存在,是一個徹徹底底的服務業都市,只有高端服務業(法律、金融、資訊、顧問、
教育、醫療)與基本服務之分,公館的寵物用品店在10年前的徵人起薪就在月薪3萬5
以上,今天更逼近4萬,所有待遇與福利都非常正常,這絕不是因為台北市比較勤於
勞檢(新聞上的都只是錯覺),主因還是:
(1)該產業賺錢賺得足夠多
(2)勞動市場處於相對供不應求的狀態(就業機會大於意願人數)
只要滿足這兩條定律,薪資就會具有強勁的上漲動力,反之則非常困難,與雇主的良
心、風氣毫無關係,否則同樣的雇主,何以在1950-1990就會不斷進行上漲薪資的軍備
競賽,現在不漲。
台灣低薪地區,通常都是這兩條條件的嚴重缺乏,典型的狀況是產業利潤進展甚微,
地區的就業機會不斷降低(通常是外移到後進國家),產生了超量的勞動供給,無一
例外。關心問題時,若歸咎於泛道德論,認為勞檢與強迫提高法定工資就能提振薪資
,無異緣木求魚,不僅無法解決問題,且會對現實認知失調,不斷自我挫折。
高雄的衰敗隨著時代的演進自然發生,勞力密集的紡織業、成衣業、塑膠加工業再也
付不起台灣的人均薪資,全部外移到後進國家,高雄作為工業都市,就業機會只能用
年年崩跌來形容。如果完全無所作為,隨著工業就業機會的崩跌,平行世界的高雄,
早該如底特律一樣沒落,可以保有今天的水平,該慶幸的是在一個還不算遲的時間點
(1999年左右)及早開始轉型。倘若沈迷過往的光榮,拖到18年後的今日才開始,基隆
作為一個完全沒落又產業不振的港市,就是更明顯的對照組。平行世界裡,高雄被台
南完全磁吸而衰敗到如基隆一般,絕不是不可能。在此值得注意的是:台南的文化力
非常強,近年台南觀光爆發帶來的創業潮與就業機會,往往被南科的光輝所掩蓋。
由於外移產業的典型特徵是「勞力密集」,勞力密集即指「就業崗位非常多」,若轉
型為高附加價值的高科技工業,其中常見的特徵,其實是伴隨著自動化而來的低就業
人數,要填補喪失的就業機會,在製造就業機會的速度上不一定趕得上。而我國的背
景,也不可能突然轉型為瑞士一般,勞力需求又密集,附加價值又高的鐘錶等手藝品
牌工業。
拖累薪資的最嚴重職位叫做「失業」,是以「0」為比價基礎,而不是低薪產業。只
要有就業機會的存在,都是上漲薪資的助力,問題僅僅在於「不夠多」「不夠大」「
產業增長的不夠快」。而觀光產業帶來的服務業群,作為製造就業機會,不僅門檻較
為簡單,製造就業的速度也夠快,對於緩解高雄的就業與薪資,絕對功不可沒,而不
僅只是門面光榮的問題,是直接關乎生存。
當然這不代表就不需要往高附加價值的工業轉型,這裡僅僅說的是,觀光服務業作為
一個墊檔緩解失業的存在,產生了非常大的作用,不僅給予市民無法計量的光榮感,
也解決了非常多一時的實際問題。
產業要發展,第一是需要有產業群聚效應;可悲的是,高雄作為石化都市而聞名,但
台灣最有競爭力、有出口實力的石化聚落,是以雲林的台塑集團為中心,雖然國際競
爭力仍有待加強,出口占比年年下跌,但目前仍是有跨國規模化實力的產業聚落。
而高雄石化的骨幹,是以國營中油等能源事業為中心,本質是在保護主義下的內需產
業,百年如一日,裙帶關係盛行,受到政治力非常大的介入,已經非常腐敗。
不管是中國、美國,或台灣,常有的一個特徵,那便是愈後線(二線三線四線)的都
市愈裙帶、愈講關係、政治愈腐敗,然後也愈貧窮。裙帶與貧窮本身是互為因果,愈
是反自由競爭的東西,就愈反世界的真實,反真實的事物,保護主義與裙帶下的榮景
都是假象,最終當然也會帶來失敗。
往往到最後,這些城市最後已經分不清究竟是貧窮帶來腐敗,還是腐敗帶來貧窮;所
以政治的清明進步與城市的繁榮往往是正比,並不是偶然。
高雄在1999年末,由於前瞻市長帶來的大膽轉型,為高雄創下了基礎,這絕不可抹滅
。但在2017年的今日,台積電之所以不選擇高雄,除了台南本身就有產業聚落之外,
高雄地方政治的複雜,傳聞也是因素之一。水不流動太久,就會產生淤積,這也是當
然的道理。高雄需要進一步的刺激改革與政治進步,這是絕對必要的。
如果國民夠進步,最好也了解到,那種已經成熟又停滯的企業被國家持股,國家既持
有股份,就能介入董事會與董事長,因此國營企業的宿命,就是被政治力介入公司治
理。不應期待特別的政黨或政治人物的道德,而是應該在制度上徹底的破除裙帶。
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