字神160326托福機經考後分享 - 英檢

Hedwig avatar
By Hedwig
at 2016-03-28T10:28

Table of Contents

03月26日托福機經回憶分享

各位同學大家好,
3月26日托福考試是3月最後一場,
下面跟大家回報命中情況及分享部分真題,
預祝大家考取理想成績。

閱讀
1. Birdsong
講用一種鳥做實驗,若出生就和其他鳥隔離,叫聲與其它的鳥不同,所以得出可能會與社
交行為有關。研究還發現,鳥很小的時候就可以記住各種其它鳥叫的聲,就算隔離後也是
一樣的,所以這個會與遺傳有關係。大多鳥都是可以學習同一個物種的聲音或相似物種的
聲音,也有例外的鳥會說話,學習不同物種的聲音。

詞彙題:
pioneering = original(命中真經班講義)
distinct = separate(命中真經班講義)
enabling = allowing(命中真經班講義)
restricted = limited(命中真經班講義)

分享第三段原題:
Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song, though Thorpe found
they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit (another type of
bird), which is very similar to that of their own species. In general,
however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only
learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong. These
constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry, the young bird hatching with
a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird
reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the
length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of
chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation. In
other cases the constraints are more social, young birds only being prepared
to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions. Thus, in a
number of species, it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,
but will do so from a live tutor. In some cases this may occur when they are
young birds, but in others the main learning period is when they set up their
territories and interact with neighbors for the first time, enabling them to
match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the
nature of the learning rules in a particular species, there is no doubt that
they are effective; it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song
which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs
which often occur in a small patch of woodland.

The word “enabling” in the passage is closet in meaning to
Ans:allowing

It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that one of the functions of songs in
birds is to
Ans:help birds to establish territories

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
Ans:The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of
chaffinch song may be inborn.

According to paragraph 3, in some species, young birds do not copy songs from
recordings because
○ they learn to sing only by live interactions with other birds

Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird
singing a song which is not typical of its own species?
○ To illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in
young birds


2. Milankovitch Hypothesis米蘭科氏維奇假說
講地球運動和氣候之間的關係,有三個現象會有影響:地球運動的軌道,地球與太陽的距
離,黃赤交角。但是這三個現象知道1950年才開始出現證據,同時海洋中出現的氧的同位
素也證明了這個假說。後來發現的證據不支持這個假說。最後得出結論說,這兩個發現都
沒有錯,只是說明的局部的差別。

詞彙題:
slightly = by very small amounts
skepticism = doubt
irritating = annoying
renewed = restored

3. The Neolithic Revolution Begins
科學家A發現了一個非常有趣的現象,就是N處的人突然從移動的採集生活轉向了固定的種
植生活。更奇特的是,這些現象都同時發生在不同的地方!所以科學家們就開始想了,這
肯定有個共同的原因啊!答案就是氣候變化:一共有兩次變暖。

第一次是小冰期結束,大地回春。一些穀物類和裸子植物開始多了起來,生長出來的種子
也更多。並且這個因為溫度升高,這些穀物都可以往更高的緯度種,這也為N人提供了可
以停留在一個地方生活條件,因為他們不用到處採集就能擁有足夠的食物。最後,地中海
附近形成了地中海氣候,這個氣候也形成了他們獨特的生活模式。地中海時候冬季溫暖濕
潤,夏季炎熱乾燥(夏季長,有題)。形成了一種植物,在春季結果,但是在夏季休眠。
N人就在春季採集夠小麥,剩下的時間就吃採集的小麥。

第二次,是全球變暖。這個時候使氣候更加乾旱,food shortage本應該讓N人繼續回到遷
移的生活。可是他們不願意啊,因為他們已經習慣了這塊土地上固定的食物,不願意再漂
泊了。過意他們就開始種這些他們收集的食物,因為這些食物本來就是種子。
最後段有科學家doubt。

詞彙題:
culmination =end
exploit =fully use(命中真經班講義)
initiate =start(命中真經班講義)

聽力
1. 學生要借地方辦club。
女生是戶外社團的新晉會長,老師對她表示祝賀。女生說不知道在哪裡開第一次會議,想
到的都被預定了,提出一個新地方,問老師好不好。老師說是戶外很好。女生問老師是否
收到她的email,希望老師做他們的隊長。老師說你自己當多好,能獲得大家的敬仰,還
可以鍛煉自己的能力。女生表示很緊張。老師建議她組織活動,因為可以定下一個合作的
基調,尋找機會方便大家相互認識,問她想好了特定活動沒有。女生說了四個,老師說,
看你這不是弄得挺好的嗎。

2. 講英國的巨石陣Stone Henge和距離它不遠的Durrington Walls, 巨石陣是石頭做的,
兩圈,而那個Wall是木炭/木材建的(石頭永久,木頭不永久,推測可能有象徵意義,有
題),裡面發現了一些動物屍骨和Pottery,兩個地方都有path到河邊。所以推測他們先
到Durrington Wall吃大餐feast, 然後去河邊,再去巨石陣祭祀(有題考順序)。

3. Ice Age後有一段特殊氣溫降低時期使大型動物消失,科學家發現了一層PBD? 大概是
一層glacier,下面有大型動物化石而上面沒有,所以推測這可能是一個原因。然後另一
個可能是隕石原因,提到恐龍滅絕是因為隕石撞地球。然後這層PBD中含有很多nano顆粒
,以及一種化學微顆粒,考慮源於meter dust。但是房頂上也有這種化學微顆粒,所以不
能完全推斷大型動物滅絕的原因。

4. 學生改了topic題目(主旨題),一開始topic是古代北非burbur地區相關,但是因為
時間太久遠幾乎找不到什麼資料,教授推薦了個網址去搜資料。後來學生提到本應該先跟
教授商量(有題),想改成非洲學齡前兒童教育問題,教授說這個想法好,他正在寫有關
這個方面,而且國際上也很關注。但是原來那個topic也是可以繼續下去的。
題目:
(1) 女生為什麼要找教授→討論他報告題目(paper topic)
(2) 女學生說自己在寫原先的報告時犯了什麼錯→她寫了一個全新的主題
(3) 教授聽到女學生要換題目的反應→他可以幫忙找原本主題的資料
(4) 女生想做的新的題目是什麼→非洲遊牧(Nomadic)生活中兒童的教育
(5) 教授對女生提得那個新題目有甚麼看法→這和他們所教授的東西有相關,可以做,沒
有離題

5. 現代雕塑。先提問文藝復興時期雕塑的風格,是realistic,很具體,然而現代雕塑很
抽象,舉了個例子,一個鳥,給了個圖根本想像不出是只鳥(有題),然後說現在有很多
戶外雕塑,雕塑花園。有女生打岔說瞭解到一個現代喜歡微雕塑的大師,在米上刻3D圖案
,肉眼都看不見,有時候用睫毛去雕塑,這個工作能減慢心率,這點被現代外科醫生所學
習(有題)。有題問女生為自己打岔而道歉,教授說沒關係,他很開心同學能這麼感興趣


6. 仿生學Biomimicry,講人們怎麼利用生物當中的一些特性用到工業界中(有題)。其
中舉了藍閃蝶作例子。一般人們是通過pigment吸收一些顏色,從而顯示出其他一些顏色
,距離樹葉是綠的因為葉綠素,吸收別的光反射綠光,其中有講到什麼玻璃(有題)。另
一種是物理性的,比如一種butterfly,貌似是有blue and cream顏色,它的羽毛不光滑
,靠多重反射光線及pass out另一部分光所呈現顏色,它的羽毛還防水,水吸附固體還能
幫它洗澡。應用到商業這是開發出能利用更少的能源製造顏色的工藝。說仿生有三大境界
,level one是natural,前兩種level已經實現了,level 3是仿造natural system,需要
時間來發展(有題)。

6. 仿生學Biomimicry,教授說生物的很多特點可以用到 industry commercial use 具體
講了一個例子---Monoply Butterfly’s wing 首先說到wing的顏色,說color有兩種方式
形成,一種是用pigment 舉例用G色素 可以產生綠色,原理是他能反射reflect綠色的光
線並吸收absorb其他顏色的光,另一種方式就是藍閃蝶用的—是structure 說藍閃蝶的
wing表面rough,有bumpy且有air間隙,這樣有自然光來時,綠色被反射,其他顏色吸收
,故wing呈現綠色。然後說就這個特點由於commercial 產生顏色,好處是less energy
consumption和less 有毒物質dye(有題)。
第二點是 wing有let water through的功能,原因是由於wing的structure,前面提到有
很多小孔之間間隔空氣,然後說到水的特點一種是 adhere to solid;第二是attract
other droplets(有題),由於這兩個特點,能通過wing,並且還起到clean的作用。最
後教授說仿生有三大境界,level one是natural,前兩種level已經實現了,level 3是仿
造natural system,還不能,需要時間來發展,但教授表示有信心以後能做到(有態度題
)。

口說
1. Describe what you were like when you started attending school.

2.(命中真經班講義)
Some people prefer to have independent jobs, some prefer to work in groups.
Which do you prefer?

3.(命中真經班講義)
閱讀:學生Adam寫信給學校建議讓更多的學生閱讀校報,他提出兩個吸引學生的舉措,一
給報紙降價,二把報紙送到學生的住處。
聽力:對話中女生不認可。她說報紙的價格已經很低了,才15美分,低於很多報紙,大多
數學生也覺得這個價格沒什麼問題;此外,學校並沒有充足的員工和車輛來安排派送報紙
,這不太實際。

4. 原題分享
閱讀:Cyclic Population Balance。捕食者和獵物的數量會循環往復地變化,達到一種
平衡。
Cyclic population change is a phenomenon where the population of a species in
an extended period of time according to some predetermined cycle.
Many different factors can influence the population levels of a species,
including food availability, disease, predation, and climate. Together, these
factors interact in complicated yet predictable ways, and population levels
are observed to increase and decrease in a cyclical manner. The predator-prey
equations, also known as the Lotka-Volterra equations, provide a simplified
model of the cyclic population change resulting from interaction between
predator and prey population levels.

聽力:這種平衡有3個階段,教授講到狼群和老鼠的例子,狼捕食老鼠。階段一:當老鼠
數量較多,狼較少時,狼的食物充足數量會急劇增長,老鼠數量減少,這就到了第二階段
。老鼠的減少使狼的食物減少,狼的數量因而下降,相應地老鼠數量又會得到增長,這就
是階段三。所以事實上階段三和階段一的特徵是相同的,這就形成了一個迴圈。

Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a Zoology class.
Cyclic population change is a pretty commonly seen phenomenon – most species
will exhibit some sort of cyclical pattern in their populations when observed
over a long period of time. Scientists have been able to create mathematical
models to fit the pattern of population change for a few specific situations.
One example of this is the predator – prey relationship between the arctic
fox and North American rats. These two species tend to live in the same
environments, and their relationship is very simple: the foxes eat what we
find is that the population of the two species follows a cycle with three
distinct phases. In the first phase, there are a large number of rats and
only a few foxes to prey on them. So of course the foxes can get plenty of
food, and because of that they are able to have a lot of offspring and the
fox population begins to increase. But now that there are more foxes, they
need to eat a lot more rats to survive, and as a result the rat population
starts dropping. With less rats around some of the foxes can't get enough to
eat and starve, therefore as the rat population decreases we see that the fox
population decreases too – this is the second phase. Finally, in the third
phase the two populations reach an equilibrium, or balance, where the
population levels stay pretty much the same because the rats are producing
offspring at about the same rate as the foxes are eating them.

5. (命中真經班講義)
女生有點鬱悶,她上的電影課將要放映並討論一部她很感興趣的電影,她需要完成一個
paper,但是她又必須去看醫生。有兩個方案。一,她可以私下租片子,只是她會錯過課
上的討論;第二,她可以寫別的電影。

6. contingency plan,指在商業運作中出現問題或危機時的備選(backup)方案。
Contingency plan有兩個部分,一是在危機出現時使生意仍能繼續。比如在滑雪場(ski
area),當降雪太少,就要準備好造雪機製造人工雪。二是要危機公關,積極應對消費者
可能有的不良情緒。比如同樣是滑雪場這件事,公司可以提前跟顧客Email說明滑雪場情
況,並告知已有人工造雪的方案。

寫作
綜合寫作
關於Gustave Whitehead 先於萊特兄弟成功試飛飛機
閱讀:whitehead is the first person to fly a airplane is doubtful.
1. no photography only drawing on newspaper
2. the design of the airplane is not valid
3. bad engine builder reputation of whitehead

聽力反駁:
1. the absence of the photograph may only due to the low quality of the
photo.
2. the design has been proven to be valid by a group of researchers by
rebuilding a airplane based on the drawing
3. other airplane designers have no idea what they are doing

獨立寫作(命中真經班講義四套題第一套)
It is often not good for people to move to a new town or country because they
will lose old friends.


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All Comments

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