哪來的逐條審查?/楊照:問問笨問題 - 宜蘭
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By Delia
at 2014-03-26T10:25
at 2014-03-26T10:25
Table of Contents
草案之所以是草案,就是因為行政單位還有上級審查──代表民意的立法權.所以和別人
談好的協議協約,要帶回家來,問問立法單位:「這樣可以嗎?」會得到兩種答案,簡單
的是:「可以」,那麼就照著原條文通過.另一種答案,當然就是「不可以」,立法權會
有很多不同考慮說「不」,也會有不同附加意見,然而不管立法權不同意的究竟是哪一條
、哪一點、甚至是協議中的哪一個字、哪一個標點符號,一旦他們不願按照原件通過,那
麼就算是再小的修改,都不可能由立法單位自己說了算數,也不可能由行政單位接受意見
改了了事,這牽涉到和別的國家的互動談判,一定要對方也同意才行。
1.媒體來源:
蘋果日報
2.完整新聞標題/內文:
楊照:問問笨問題
2014年03月25日10:45
問問笨問題:在政治道理上,「協議」到底是甚麼?
文/楊照
平心靜氣說說很基本,屬於政治知識ABC等級的事吧!
國家的行政權和立法權有分工.對外和其他國家談判、協議時,只能由行政單位和對方的
行政單位談,你有你的考量,我有我的需求,雙方各提各的想法,然後在談判桌上,把彼
此同意的部分,寫成了具體文字固定下來,那就形成了協約草案。
草案之所以是草案,就是因為行政單位還有上級審查──代表民意的立法權.所以和別人
談好的協議協約,要帶回家來,問問立法單位:「這樣可以嗎?」會得到兩種答案,簡單
的是:「可以」,那麼就照著原條文通過.另一種答案,當然就是「不可以」,立法權會
有很多不同考慮說「不」,也會有不同附加意見,然而不管立法權不同意的究竟是哪一條
、哪一點、甚至是協議中的哪一個字、哪一個標點符號,一旦他們不願按照原件通過,那
麼就算是再小的修改,都不可能由立法單位自己說了算數,也不可能由行政單位接受意見
改了了事,這牽涉到和別的國家的互動談判,一定要對方也同意才行。
基於這樣的道理,所以每一個國家的制度,都必然要有兩個彼此權衡的機制.一方面對外
協議一定要由立法權來審查;但另一方面,又一定要對立法權的審查有所限縮,以保留行
政權對外談判的空間.立法權由眾多民意代表集體行使,多元利益組合是其本質,也就意
味著立法權的聲音五花八門,很難統合,如果立法權可以無限制地表達、要求協議內容,
那麼結果一定是,這個國家別想跟其他國家談判達成甚麼協議了。
兩岸之間的協議談判,仍然是協議談判,卻在這個普遍的基礎上,多增加了兩項麻煩的變
數.一項是,實質上國與國間的協議,卻不能以國與國的正常架構表現,必須另闢蹊徑躲
開敏感的主權問題.另一項其實更麻煩的:一邊是民主制度,一邊不是.落在協議上,就
是談判桌上雙方代表授權程度天差地別.大陸那邊,行政與立法一體,不管是國務院或國
台辦,甚至海協會,談判來往中答應了的,就是了,就算數.台灣這邊,就算是總統主張
的、行政院長說的,通通要回來過立法院這關。
依照目前台灣立法權行使的規則,對於協議,立法院擁有的是同意權.立法院有權不同意
不通過.但立法院沒有權力「實質審查」,也就是立法院不能自己擬協議條文.理由很明
白,立法院很難有共識,在對外關係上要聽立法院的,那絕對不會是對台灣最有利的安排
,更不可能能夠得到談判對方的同意。
換句話說,立法院可以對協議「逐條提出意見」,卻不能「逐條審查」,不能說這條通過
、那條不通過;這條維持原樣、那條改成那樣.因為他們審的,不是國內法,是協議.行
政權跟人家談好的,要更動任何一條,甚至要更動任何一個字句,都不是我們自己說了算
,必須知會對方,重新和對方溝通、談判。
每個國家都是用這種方式處理協議,不然國與國的協議是簽不成的.然而這麼簡單的邏輯
,在我們這個社會,卻好像從總統到立法委員到媒體到學生,通通都不了解或不在意。
總統和行政單位好像不知道協議需要經過立法權同意,事先不跟社會溝通,不知會詢問立
法院,自己閉門造車擬協議條文,談好帶回來,才煞有介事要求「原案通過」.協議本來
就只能「原案通過」,不然就等於「不通過」,就要重啟談判,這是自然的道理,哪需大
張旗鼓咬牙切齒強調呢?
我們的立法院違背自己的議事規則,冒出一個不存在的協議「逐條審查」主張來,根本沒
有法源可以在院會「逐條審查」,等於是大家在沒有明確遊戲規則下進行,能不吵架不拖
延嗎?
唉,最糟的是,自以為很重視這項協議的媒體、學者、學生,可曾重視到願意先將這麼簡
單的道理放在心中當一回事想想嗎?可曾明瞭當那個缺乏政治智慧的總統說要「原案通過
」時,聽起來很可惡,實際上他說的是實話,協議本來就只能「原案通過」,不然就必須
重新和對方談判;相對地,當他「讓步」同意「逐條審查」時,他在騙人,他在給我們他
根本沒有權利做的承諾,在給一個協議本質道理上根本不存在的幻夢。
3.新聞連結:
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20140325/366579/
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By Eartha
at 2014-03-25T17:19
at 2014-03-25T17:19